Index

ABSTRACT

Unemployment is the most single factor that facilitates human trafficking in the developing countries such as Rwanda. Rapid population growth constrains wealth creation and so people always migrate to countries of opportunity to escape lack of employment. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of unemployment in determining human trafficking. Quantitative and qualitative approaches were adopted. The target population of the study comprised of 200 respondents and the sample size was 133 respondents. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select the participants from various categories of respondents where as simple random sampling was used in each stratum to get a representative sample. A questionnaire was used to collect primary data. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 21 for windows was used as to analyze quantitative data.  The findings indicated that R=0.30 and R-Square = 0.09 which is a strong relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable. The significance of the F-statistic is 0.000 which is less than 0.05. This implies that null hypothesis is rejected and conclude that there is a relationship between unemployment and human trafficking. The proposed model shows that unemployment (Beta = 0.257) was the most important in influencing human trafficking and the Y intercept is 1.476, Thus, the model is written as, Y=1.476+ 0.257X. The study concludes that Human trafficking in Rwanda is prevalent in form of labor and sexual exploitation. To overcome unemployment and therefore human trafficking the government of Rwanda needs to create more jobs.

Keywords: Unemployment, Human trafficking, Rapid population growth, Migration, Poverty , socio-economic inequalities,push and pull factors,technology and skills.

DOI: 10.20448/801.41.163.177

Citation | Gacinya John (2019). Human Trafficking Prevalence in Rwanda: The Role Played by Unemployment. American Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 4(1): 163-177.

Copyright: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License

Funding : This study received no specific financial support.

Competing Interests: The author declares that there are no conflicts of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

History : Received: 29 March 2019 / Revised: 9 May 2019 / Accepted: 18 June 2019 / Published: 5 August 2019.

Publisher: Online Science Publishing

1. INTRODUCTION

Unemployment represents the number of people in the work force who want to work but do not have jobs. Unemployment is further defined as a situation where someone of working age is not able to get a job but would like to be in full-time employment. It is generally stated as a percentage and calculated by dividing the number of people who are unemployed by the total work force.

On the other hand, human trafficking is understood as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring and receipt of persons, by means of the threats and use of force or other forms of coercion such as abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or position of vulnerability. Means can also include giving and receiving of payments as well as offering benefits to achieve the consent of a person and having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation may include, at a minimum, the exploitation of others through prostitution and other  forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor , slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude and  removal of organs (Territo and Kirkharm, 2010).

The link between unemployment and human trafficking can be influenced by political instability in which case people migrate to areas, they think are safe, secure and stable. The situation may warrant people to end in temporal settlements, unemployed and poor. Traffickers are able to take advantage of the afore mentioned situation and lead people to believe they can rescue them out of poverty and unemployment. The relationship between unemployment and human trafficking also comes about when economic policies fail, allowing a vacuum of power where criminal organizations thrive such as what occurred during the collapse of the Soviet Union where the economies of Russian Federation and other post-Soviet states collapsed. Unemployment went high, women and children became vulnerable and traffickers took advantage of the situation to exploit people (Bayle, 2016).

The nexus between unemployment and human trafficking was also identified where unemployment was identified as a push as well as a pull factor. Unemployment is a push factor because migrants are hard-pressed from their original countries to countries that offer employment opportunities. Un employment is also a pull factor because victims are promised a steady employment and better standards of living abroad (Sofija and Radjenovic, 2016).

The negative impact of global unemployment is that over 200 million people were unemployed by 2013 and unemployment was projected to be more than 215 million by 2018.It is estimated that there are about 112 million youth who are unemployed on the African continent. Most of these people are potential recruits for human traffickers. It is also projected that between 2015 and 2030, about 600 to 800 million young people will join the job market. About one million Indians will enter the job market each month and the same number of youths will enter the job market in Sub-Sahara Africa (Lundberg and Hobson, 2016). The number of jobs available on the labor market are certainly likely to be less and these unemployed people will be potential recruits for human trafficking (Iyanda and Osundina, 2014).

Unemployment contributes greatly to human trafficking in the Caribbean and Pacific countries. although other factors come into play such as poverty, weak governance, armed conflict, misinformation, lack of protection from discrimination, large family size and lack of educational opportunities (International Organization for Migration, 2011).

In most cases, trafficking follow migration flows. Migration has been occurring in Latin America and the Caribbean and these migrants have been destined to United states of America. Migration flows is associated with human trafficking from Latin America to Europe and Canada. Latin American immigrants are also seen in Spain, Italy, the Netherlands and Britain. Migrants to Europe has been there to fill the gap of labor because of an aging population. The major push factor connected with migration has been unemployment in the sending countries (Ribando, 2016).

In addition, migration that results in human trafficking of women is a clear sign of lack of prospects in the mother country. Unemployment affects women more than men and this is why women migrate in the current period to look for employment. A good example is Central and Eastern European where Unemployment has hit countries following pursuit of a market economy. Europe and other countries of the west where migration flows are prevalent have set up restrictions on migrants’ entry into their countries and this has prompted traffickers set up networks aligned to exploit the wish of the people to migrate. In such a situation woman fall victims of human trafficking (Masacchio, 2004).

More so, a quarter of trafficking flows worldwide originate from central and eastern Europe. In Germany, nine out of ten victims of trafficking are from central and eastern European countries and these are girls aged between 15 and 18 years. The source of victims of human trafficking are; The   Russian Federation, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Romania and Bulgaria. The former Soviet republics of central Asia are now booming as recruitment areas also and these are; Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Kazakhstan. The major push factors for trafficking in central Asia is a high rate of female unemployment. Russia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Romania, and Moldova are the main sources of women victims of trafficking within the European Union. Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus had the highest number of women recruited by marriage agencies which sell out women for exploitation (Barner, 2014).

There are concerns that many problems confront the region of South East Asia in as far as human trafficking is concerned. There is poverty, lack of education, low status of women and above all unemployment as the major contributor of human trafficking among women and girls in the region (Catherine, 2016). Periods of political instability and conflict in Cambodia and Burma gave traffickers the opportunity to recruit women and girls who lack employment. Traffickers networks also extend to Thailand, and Laos. Destination countries include; Taiwan, Hong Kong, Japan, Myanmar, and Vietnam. Other source countries are India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal. Most of the victims are trafficked as they seek for employment (Barner, 2014).

There are four categories of people trafficked in Africa. These are women and young girls for sexual exploitation, trafficking of men, women and children primarily for farm labor and domestic work within and across countries (Msuya, 2017). Children are trafficked for military service (Scott, 2010) forced marriage and child harvesting (Shelley, 2010). She continues to state that contributing factors for human trafficking that have been identified include unemployment.

Schwab and Brende (2018) stresse hat youth unemployment has remained high and will remain so and will pose global challenges, mainly because of demographic shifts in developing countries as a result of a general rise in young population. This implies there will be mass migration to countries that are well endowed. Africa being the continent with the youngest population where jobs created do not match the growth of population will be the first one to be affected. Youths in Africa will migrate to developed countries to seek for economic opportunities that include employment and can be trapped in human trafficking. Evidently human trafficking occurs because ‘traffickers’ fish in the stream of migration’ as observed by Mahmoud and Trebesch (2010).

Ribando (2016) indicates that unemployment occurs in developing countries. Unemployment in Latin America has been growing since 2014 and has given rise to growing political, economic turmoil and subsequent human trafficking. Unemployment and poverty have been characteristic of European countries of Romania, Moldova and Albania and young girls are trafficked to Greece, Spain and Italy (Kane, 2005).  Youth unemployment in the rest of Africa is quite high and 70% of young people live on less than US $ 3.10 per day. Unemployment together with politically less active as well as economic weak countries create a situation where human trafficking can thrive (White, 2013).

Unemployment is identified as the major contributor of human trafficking in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Sub-Saharan Africa Child trafficking is a serious human rights issue and emanates from deteriorating economic situation.  Rural poverty forces poor families to give up their children to traffickers who give offers of employment in countries of opportunity. Labor trafficking occurs because of poverty and children are forced into work in early years of their life. Unemployment is observable in shanty towns of Africa. Street children are born out of unemployed family and are highly vulnerable to trafficking. There are many street children in major cities of Sub Sahara Africa such as Addis Ababa, Dakar, Lagos, and Nairobi whose main occupation is begging. Prostitution is often a common way in which young girls on the street can make money in some of these cities. In Benin children cross the border into Nigeria for work, in the same way Ghanaian children cross into north-eastern Ivory coast and are sexually abused by host families (Laczko and Gozdziak, 2005).

High population growth has reduced the size of land per family in some countries of Africa. There has been therefore a natural outlet of rural population to urban centers and other international migration as people are poor and unemployed in Africa. Rapid population growth poses a tremendous strain on Africa’s development. There is a high discrepancy between labor force growth and availability of jobs and this generates high rates of unemployment (Todaro, 1995). Unemployment rate that is above 33 percent among secondary school leavers has increased migration to the developed world to seek for employment. The ‘closed door’ policy among the developed world encourages illegal migration and traffickers take advantage of the situation to traffic people. Human trafficking has become a large and lucrative business for cartels in Libya which specialize in transporting Africans through the Sahara Desert and across the Mediterranean and as a result about 2, 000 Africans are believed to have drown in the Mediterranean each year while attempting illegal crossings to Europe (Aderanti, 2008).

In Sub-Saharan Africa, victims of human trafficking from West African countries of Senegal, Gambia, Cote d’Ivoire, Benin, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic and Gabon are lured into Europe as they seek for jobs. Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania, Niger and Chad also experience trafficking of people to Europe.

Another sub region that experiences trafficking is Angola, Botswana, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, Ethiopia, Malawi, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. These countries send victims of human trafficking to South Africa. In South Africa trafficked victims are engaged as commercial sex workers in hotels and brothels, bar maids. Others work under hazardous conditions in factories, mines and construction, fishing and agriculture activities and street begging. The commonest factor that pushes people to seek for better life has been poverty and need to find jobs. More so Uganda and Kenya girls are lured to the Gulf States with the promise of a jobs only to be sold into prostitution. South Africa has been a hub for international trafficking, receiving women from Thailand, China and Eastern Europe in addition to African nations (Onuoha, 2013). Victims of human trafficking move to different countries for better life as they escape high levels of unemployment in their countries. Human trafficking in Africa is more fundamentally the result of internal than external factors and these are; Poverty, misrule, and conflicts of various magnitudes and these factors influence unemployment which in the end breed human trafficking (Onuoha, 2011).

Unemployment has greatly affected parts of West Africa. Women and girls are trafficked to Europe from Ghana, Nigeria and Morocco. Most of the women and girls trafficked are illiterate and semi illiterate who lack employment opportunities. Means of survival in several cities of Africa are prostitution and hard labor and this has greatly contributed to feminization of poverty. Victims of human trafficking can be as young as 14 years of age (OKojie, 2003).

Finally, Kenya is a country with a population of around 45 million, where 60% of the population are under the age of 24. Kenya has unemployment rate of 40% as one of the worst unemployment rates in the world. With a young population which is becoming more and more educated and the high unemployment rate, the country is a popular source country for migration where between 20,000 and 30,000 Kenyans employed in the Middle East. Kenya as Sub-Saharan Africa also suffers poverty and unemployment that are considered reasons for trafficking in persons. Traffickers take advantage of the victims’ hopes of a better future and desperation to lure them into being trafficked. Push factors for wanting to migrate in Kenya include the lack of education and employment opportunities. As unemployment is high, many young Kenyans are looking for employment opportunities abroad and it is not surprising that some of them are caught in trafficking situations (Anni, 2015). 

2. PROBLEM STATEMENT

Human trafficking is a worldwide scourge that is faced by developed and developing world. The causes and contributing factors to trafficking can be the same across countries but there are also causes that are unique to every country. In the developing countries unemployment is identified as one of the major contributors of human trafficking in the developing world.

The world distribution of economic power happens to be in the North whereas the South happens to be lagging behind in terms of development. The North has capital, human skills and technology to keep a head of the South in terms of wealth. It is at this that people have been migrating from the developing South to the developed North in order to escape unemployment and poverty. Along with this the developed world puts restrictive policies on migrants to enter their countries. This kind of situation gives the opportunity non-state actors who use illegal means including human trafficking to deliver victims of human trafficking to various destinations of the developed world.

Destination of the victims of human trafficking in the North are; Western Europe and North America. Although there are countries such as Japan, Hongkong and Taiwan that are also recipients of victims of human trafficking. At the same time countries prone to human trafficking are developing states of Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, East and Central Europe, South Asia, South East Asia and Pacific.

Most of the victims of human trafficking come from countries that have high rates of population growth and this puts strain on the countries’ development. There is a high discrepancy between the available jobs and the labor force growth. Unemployment rate above 33 percent among secondary school leavers is current and this increases migration to the developed world to seek for employment. It is noted that 75 per cent of the youth living in developing countries are poor and live in rural areas. They are mostly unemployed and underemployed and start available hard labor during childhood. They are the victims of human trafficking through hard labor and sexual exploitation and are more vulnerable to being recruited by militant extremist groups. There is rural-urban migration as a result of rural deprivation and unemployment and subsequent.

United Nations Compilation Report for the Second Cycle of the Universal Period Review Mechanism (2015) observed that Rwanda had registered 153 cases of human trafficking by 2014, where 90 % of the victims were young girls as young as 18 years. Rwanda is one of the fastest growing economy with the goal of becoming a middle-income economy by 2020.With income per capita of US $644 in 2012, Rwanda had the second highest per capita in the East African region. The World bank indicated that Rwanda moved from 150th (2008) to 45th position in ‘Doing Business’. However, Rwanda still has socio-economic challenges of high-income inequalities, poverty in rural areas at 48.7% and 22% in urban areas. A fact of high youth unemployment prevails and high dependence on foreign aid and vulnerability to external shocks, including changes in donor policies. Poverty and high levels of unemployment among the youth will therefore continue to contribute to the existence of youth who fall victims of human trafficking.

In Rwanda unemployment stands is over 42%, youth in Rwanda are either unemployed or underemployed in subsistence agriculture.70% of jobseekers are not qualified for the kinds of jobs they seek or the standards demanded by employers (Sebahara, 2014). The unemployed in Rwanda are potential recruits for traffickers.

In Rwanda,70% and 80% of the victims of human trafficking are Women and children aged between 16 and 40 years are the ones trafficked out of the country, girls children are sold into slavery and prostitution and the most influential factor to this kind of phenomenon is poverty and unemployment (Karuhanga, 2015). The major cause of unemployment is the less absorption of school leavers into the labor market over the past 30 years in developing countries. Obtaining jobs right away from school has been very difficult. Unemployment is greater for young people than for adults as the former lack experience. The first jobs for the youth are not often stable and are at the same time short lived. Many young people get trapped in unemployment and can be unemployed in the long term (Caliendo and Schmidl, 2016). The major reason why new workers fail to obtain jobs as they enter the labor force is that students who graduate from high school, college or any higher degree program look for jobs that fits their new skills and qualifications (Kimberly, 2018).

In Rwanda, youth unemployment in Rwanda is easily identified among the school leavers. The unemployment rate stands at 13 percent in Kigali city. The increase in the number of universities and colleges has aggravated the problem of youth unemployment. There are over 120,000 job seekers who leave universities and colleges every year and no such jobs are created every year. Traffickers target these job seekers and deceive them of the availability of jobs abroad. Young girls are lured to go Uganda and some fly to China and Malaysia where they end as commercial sex workers (Ngarambe, 2013).

3. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

To investigate the role of unemployment in contributing to human trafficking in Rwanda.

4. LITERATURE REVIEW

Rahman (2011) notes that unemployment has contributed greatly to human trafficking in developing countries. In Ghana and Nigeria, for example young people constitute about 50% of the whole populations and these have to look for employment in other countries where there is employment. The author alludes to the fact that the breakaway of former soviet countries led to a rise in unemployment and subsequent human trafficking in countries of Eastern Europe such as Poland, Latvia, Bulgaria and Romania. Human trafficking is buttressed by vulnerability in most countries affected by war.

Aronowitz (2009) finds that there is a high rate of human trafficking in South Eastern Europe because of the increase in unemployment of women and thus and this has led to the feminization of poverty among women. As a result, large numbers of women are sexually exploited as they seek for jobs abroad. The problem is compounded by women who have little education and skills with limitations of accessing the labor market. He also indicates that Inadequate employment opportunities, combined with poor living conditions, lack of basic education are push factors enough to influence human trafficking.

Abdulraheem and Oladipo (2010) are of the view that human trafficking has become widespread by global proportions and no country is safe from it. The need for jobs abroad brought about by unequal economic opportunities and high unemployment have encouraged human trafficking. Human traffickers have benefited from human trafficking as they face low risks to earn huge profits and the take advantage obtaining from large numbers of migrants wanting to reap job opportunities from outside.

Janneke (2013) notes that labor migration is a result of lack of employment opportunities in the developing world of East Asia, South East Asia and Sub Saharan Africa. Most of these countries are still rural and their population has been migrating to the urban to seek employment opportunities. Labor trafficking has increased in the Middle East, Pacific, South Asia and Africa in the recent times. Women and girls who are domestic workers have suffered sexual exploitation in recent times.

The forty-seven (United Nations Conference on Women Socio-Economic Development, 2003) highlighted that the most disturbing issue in trafficking is that women and girls are most affected as they experience high rates of unemployment. Women are discriminated, oppressed by men because of huge inequalities between men and women specifically in offering jobs in the labor market.

Efe (2014) envisions that unemployment is a major economic problem that works against the economy and the wellbeing of many countries in recent times and  has resulted in increased agitation from citizens as well as  increased insecurity in such countries. Unavailability of job opportunities among youth, especially graduates have been identified as one of the major factors responsible for youth restiveness and other social vices including human trafficking and prostitution.

Angelina (2012) points out that developing countries are poor as they lack capital for investments and this translate into unemployment. As a result, many women have been moving to more advanced economies for jobs and the only jobs available are those that put them in exploitative situation such as prostitution, housekeeping, housemaid services, babysitting, child pornography, slave labor, and sexual slavery. In developed countries, women and children are exploited through the cheap labor provided by illegal aliens. Women and girl children are housed in apartments and are used as sex slaves by the rich men who hide them away from their wives.

Maurizio (2008) argues that there are demographic differences between the rich and poor countries and these contribute to migration.  Rich countries have an ageing population, low birth rates and their population is declining. The average fertility rate for the rich continental Europe is 1.4 while that one for developing countries of Africa is 5.4. Eighteen (18%) percent of the population in the developed world is below 15 years of age while those below 15 years in developing countries is 31% in poor countries. It is estimated that developed countries will lose about 20 million people while developing countries will welcome one billion people in the labor market by 2025. Without migrants moving to the developed world, the economic development will stagnate and standards of life are likely to drop down. Developing countries will not be able to provide employment to the youth population and there will be ‘push’ and commensurate ‘pull’ for international migration that will result into human trafficking.

Warpinski (2013) discovered that traffickers mainly target women and girls, who are highly affected by poverty, the lack of access to education, discriminated, and the lack of economic opportunities coupled with chronic unemployment. Traffickers lure women and girls into their networks through false promises of decent working conditions at relatively good pay as nannies, maids, dancers, factory workers, restaurant workers, sales clerks and models. Traffickers also buy children from poor families and sell them into prostitution, forced and bonded labor.

According to National Youth Policy (2015) both internal and cross border human trafficking takes place in Rwanda. The major causes of human trafficking is that young people are promised jobs in other countries with the hope of jobs offers but are exploited in the end through hard labor and sexual exploitation. The International conference on the great lakes (2014) found that 42% of the Rwandan youth are unemployment or underemployment in the agricultural sector and this makes most of the youth vulnerable to exploitation.

According to Gacinya and Isaboke (2017) women and children aged between 16 and 40 years are the ones trafficked out of Rwanda. They are at most times semi-literate and poor suffering from socio-economic hardships and as they strive to get out of the poor socio-economic conditions by migrating where there are economic opportunities, they are trafficked. These women and children are mostly taken to Uganda and Kenya for sexual and domestic labor.

Rwanda criminal investigation department (2016) finds that the root causes of human trafficking are related to the socio- economic factors, mainly linked to poverty and unemployment which cause victims to lose hope and believe that the only solution is relocating in search of studies, jobs and better standard of living. There is a relationship between poverty, unemployment and human trafficking in Burera district of Northern province where impregnated girls are sent to Uganda for marriage with men in exchange of cows which are given to the traffickers. They have also mentioned that some boys are taken to Uganda as herdsmen.

Karuhanga (2015) notes that between 70% and 80% of the victims of human trafficking are women, especially young girls and sold into slavery and prostitution and the most influential factor to this kind of phenomenon is poverty and unemployment.

Rwanda National Police & National prosecution authority (2016) point out that poverty and unemployment are thought to cause crime that include human trafficking and this may be so because offenders want to overcome their difficulties. This however cannot be the case in all circumstances and in all offences. For instance, not all poor people get trafficked and not all trafficked people are poor.

Rwanda National Police (2015) hold that women and girls from Rwanda are deceived by traffickers to obtain jobs in South Africa, but are later forced into sexual exploitation in South Africa. These women and girls are usually intercepted in southern African countries of Zambia, Mozambique, Malawi, Tanzania, and Swaziland on their way for exploitation in South Africa.

RNP (2015) notices that human trafficking is not intense as such in Rwanda but there are human traffickers who have the intention of landing on weak and vulnerable groups within the society such as the youth and the unemployed and ready to entice them into slavery practices such as hard labor and sex work.

According to United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) (2018) Child labor exists in Rwanda and 6 to 17-year-olds are found in some form of labor. acknowledges that child labor and exploitation exists in Rwanda. Boys are more involved in hard labor than girls. Girls are more likely to be found in domestic servitude than boys. Most of the girls who left school are ones found in domestic services working on an average of 12 hours a day. Girls face the problem of verbal, physical and sexual abuse. They face late payment and are paid less. They exchange their labor services for food, accommodation and clothing.

Binagwaho et al. (2013) is of the view that prostitution which may culminate into human trafficking is entered into by women in order to escape miserable poverty and lack of job opportunities. The need to raise money for survival can result into a habit which woman fail to avoid when they join prostitution. Sex workers are exposed to a convergence of physical as well psychological consequences as they fail to redeem themselves from sexual acts.

UNHCR (2017) holds that girls from the refugee camps in Rwanda suffer from both hard labor and sexual exploitation once they seek for work outside the refugee camps. Boys and girls mostly are provided domestic work, babysitting and cutting grass to feed cattle. Salaries vary from RWF 3,000 to RWF 5,000 per month, but sometimes they are not paid at all. Refugees report that girls and boys have become more vulnerable to trafficking for work purposes in Ngoma and Kigali, where they travel with the expectation that they will receive a regular salary. These expectation for a fair treatment in the workplace is not always met, and girls who become victims of trafficking are at higher risk of being sexually abused and exploited by their employers. Most of child labor occurs because parents are illiterate and unemployed and fail to raise money for school fees. Ayoo (2017) also mentions that refugee girls and women in refugee camps in Rwanda have no employment and as they lack income, they exchange sex for money food and other necessities of life. This puts them at a risk of being sexually exploited and are potentially vulnerable to human trafficking. The refugee administration and the surrounding Rwandan community are thought to be among those involved in sexual exploitation and abuse of women and girls.

5. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In this study quantitative and qualitative research designs were applied where strengths of each research design reinforce each other. Similarly, weakness of each research design would be mitigated in order to better understand the problem of unemployment in Rwanda. Target population from which a sample was taken was 200 respondents. Using Yamane’s formula (1967), where, n = N / (1 + N. e2),  (cited by Singh and Masuku (2014)), the size of the sample became 133 respondents. The sampling techniques used were stratified sampling technique to increase statistical efficiency and provide adequate data for analyzing the various strata. Ten strata were used and comprised of 21 victims of human trafficking,7 traffickers,23 police investigators,13prosecutors,13 judges,10 local authorities,10 migration officers,11 International transporters,8 International migration officers (IOM) and 17 homeless.

Research instruments comprised of a questionnaire for quantitative data (On a five-point Likert scale questions) and Unstructured as well as semi-structured interviews for qualitative research design.

In the case of quantitative research design, data was collected, processed and analyzed in accordance with the objectives of the study. Statistical package of social sciences (SPSS version) Version 21.0 was used to in the study to obtain descriptive as well as inferential statistics.

6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The research established unemployment as a factor in human trafficking the following findings were interpreted as follows: 1-5, 1-Agree,2-Strongly Agree,3-Disagree,4-Strongly disagree,5-Indifferent.

Source: Primary Data,2018.

The objective of the study was to examine the contribution of unemployment on human trafficking in Rwanda. In the study, it was found out that majority of the people who fall victims of human trafficking are those who do not have jobs, this was echoed by 91.7% of the respondents. Victims face labor and sexual trafficking after being tricked in obtaining good jobs. 97.7 % of the respondents state that fresh graduates from universities in Rwanda and unskilled people who are jobless are among those people who easily convinced to take up jobs outside the country and are later on exploited. There is evidence of Rwandan youth who are under employed in Agriculture and this earns little returns, and this was echoed by 91.8 of the respondents. There are little or no savings for investment and no wealth created, women and boys become exposed and are trafficked confirmed by 92.5 of the respondents. The demand for prostitution encourages human trafficking and there is no clear distinction between human trafficking and prostitution as stated by 97 % of the respondents who answered the questionnaire.

Source: Primary Data,2018.

6.1. Human Trafficking

The findings of human trafficking are interpreted as follow,1- 5,1-agree,2-strongly agree,3-disagree,4-strongly disagree,5-indifferent

Source: Primary Data, 2018.

Source: Primary Data, 2018.

6.2. Correlation of Unemployment on Human Trafficking

The Pearson correlation (R) between unemployment and trafficking was computed and the resulted as 0.3 (p=0.000). The Table 6.2 shows that there is a moderate association between the two variables.

Source: SPSS version 21, the influence of Unemployment on human trafficking in Rwanda.

Regression analysis was conducted to check the linear relationship between unemployment and human trafficking, and then, Regression results in Table 6.2.b indicate the linear relationship between unemployment and human trafficking according to R=0.30 and R2 =0.09, means that 9% of variation in human trafficking is explained in and the remaining 91% is explained in other variables.

a. Predictors: (Constant), Unemployment.

6.3 Analysis of Variance for Unemployment and Human Trafficking

Table 6.3 , indicates that the value of p value is 0.002, which is small compared to (α=0.05), meaning that the null hypothesis is rejected. Hence this helps us to say that the unemployment is statistically significant in explaining human trafficking.

a. Dependent Variable: Human trafficking .
b. Predictors: (Constant), Unemployment.

6.4.  Unemployment and Human Trafficking Linear Regression Model

a. Dependent Variable: Human trafficking.

To test the significance of a regression of unemployment and human trafficking deeply, the regression unstandardized coefficients and intercept have been taken into consideration in order to see whether they are significance. The null hypothesis states that ß=0, meaning there is no relationship between unemployment and human trafficking. And the results from Table 6.4 shows that ß=0.257with small p value of 0.000 i.e. p value is small comparing to α=0.05 at this, we have enough evidence to say that ß is statistically significance, and also the intercept is 1.476 with small p value, also which is significance. Therefore, the model is written as follows:

Y=1.476+ 0.257X, which is statistically significant fit.

7. CONCLUSION

The distribution of human trafficking worldwide follows the same pattern as is the distribution of unemployment in the whole world today. Developing countries susceptible to human trafficking overlap those that suffer unemployment. This implies that there is a direct relationship between unemployment and human trafficking. Therefore, unemployment determines human trafficking.

The major features of regions prone to human trafficking have been high population growth rates, socio-economic inequalities, political instability and the resultant unemployment. These countries include at the minimum; Sub-Sahara Africa, South Asia, Asia-pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean. In the same vein, migrants are received in the developed Western Europe and North America.

In a similar stance, Rwanda is confronted with the youth bulge and associated poverty, this kind of situation is aggravated by continued rapid population and the slackening of economic growth due to underperformance of the agriculture sector which is the main employer. Poverty and associated unemployment are due to fluctuating prices for agriculture exports and land fragmentation in rural areas and high numbers of returnees. There are therefore little savings for investment, surplus labor, and this leads to youth unemployment potential for human trafficking.

Finally, human trafficking in Rwanda is in form of labor and sexual exploitation and those who are exploited are promised better jobs as most of them are not employed. Lack of employment forces women and girls to indulge in prostitution and subsequently into human trafficking. Segments of people affected by human trafficking include; school leavers as well as women, men and children who leave the rural for urban life that involves street vending and begging. More so, human trafficking easily thrives in families that are poor and those that have had conflicts.

8. RECOMMENDATIONS

The government of Rwanda should develop and work in an environment that attracts investments. The investments will in turn create jobs and build a workforce. At the same time there should be an environment that promotes entrepreneurship, innovations and creativity so that investors are able to lay capital where people have the required skills for the investments made. There should be a growing recognition of the importance of apprenticeships and vocational training. Youth should be job creators’ rather than job seekers. Extensive training should be beefed up. A new energy in education training in entrepreneurial skills will solve unemployment issues among the youth on a significant scale.

The government of Rwanda increase both private and public investment in order to boost the demand for skilled and unskilled workers and create employment opportunities. The private sector should play an increasingly prominent role in tackling youth unemployment by equipping youth with marketable skills. The local business community can create jobs if well supported. There should be support for local entrepreneurship. People that are able to start jobs must be supported with credit. Foreigners should not come with their labor unless it is not available in the country.

Special attention should be paid to the agricultural sector by moving away from subsistence agriculture and introducing commercialization and diversification in agriculture production to include maize and vegetables through technological changes, infrastructure support and rural sector support projects.

The government of Rwanda should reduce operational costs in doing business. There are high costs in transport, communication and energy provision and these eat very much in the finances for investment. The infrastructure for transport, communication and energy should be developed to kick start other investment ventures. Human trafficking crime is caused by human induced issues like migration, economic inequality, population explosion and degradation of the environment, conflict and violence, political oppression and social injustices. Human security can be a remedy for human trafficking because it seeks to address the root causes of the mentioned problems. This is so because human security looks at the individual security and the community and not the state and its territory. Rwanda should device mechanisms of better regulation and surveillance of cross border labor recruitment process. In the first case, Recruitment and   employment and recruitment process should be acknowledged and be put in open and scrutinized. Migrant-sending and migrant-receiving countries should coordinate the regulation of recruitment agencies and improve working conditions for all migrants. Only employment agencies with certified practices should be allowed to operate across borders.

Work contracts should be standardized and subject to a strict code of conduct. This code should bear at least two basic propositions: first, workers should never have to pay fees to any agency in advance of employment and travel documents should never be retained by employers in receiving countries. Finally, Rwanda government should endeavor to provide incentives like taxing less those enterprises willing to employ more workers at a time, this is likely to increase the demand for more workers in the labor force.

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