Index

ABSTRACT

Regional autonomy is not something new in governance in Indonesia. Efforts are being made to increase the potential of various sectors and industry resources to achieve the goal of community welfare has been widely scheduled for the past two decades. However, the realization is not yet optimal. One of the leading sectors of the government today is the development of tourism. Regional autonomy has a basic role in empowering the tourism sector. Various problems regarding performance issues in the tourism sector so far have become quite comprehensive challenges and obstacles. As a potential tourist destination, reformulation of the right strategy is certainly needed. By using analysis of literature studies and based on a review of previous research to strengthen the strategy reformulation needed. The researcher concludes that tourism development in Indonesia can be done with nine reformulation strategies that are accelerative and effective, namely: cultural autonomy, developing rural tourism, building competitiveness, special autonomy, accural basis implementation, empowering community leaders, capital allocation and sustainable development.

Keywords: Regional autonomy, Tourism.

DOI: 10.20448/802.61.247.260

Citation | Sugeng Widodo (2019). Reformulation of Regional Autonomy Strategy for Tourism Development in Indonesia. International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Studies, 6(1): 247-260.

Copyright: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License

Funding : This study received no specific financial support.

Competing Interests: The author declares that there are no conflicts of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

History : Received: 7 May 2019 / Revised: 12 June 2019/ Accepted: 18 July 2019 / Published: 27 September 2019 .

Publisher: Online Science Publishing

1. INTRODUCTION

Large population, and various potential sectors of various provinces can be maximally empowered by the Indonesian government through regional autonomy. This is considering that there are around 542 regions of regional autonomy in Indonesia. Research conducted by Kadir et al. (2019) in one of the provinces that has implemented regional autonomy has found a new fact that, "With the population density and increasing economic growth through leading sectors will affect the value of tax object sales (NJOP) in the confidence level is 95%. "However, other findings made by Mukhlis and Simanjuntak (2018) revealed that, "The population and economic growth of some provinces in Indonesia do not have a positive correlation. These two contrasting studies seem to describe the performance of regional autonomy from one region to another. The existence of income inequality and differences in regional government spending is one reason. And so, of course, different strategies are needed. Although in general the objectives and policy development are for the welfare of the community.

Hill and Vidyattama (2016) also explained that, "The relationship between decentralization and the dynamics of development at the local level is still unclear. So the question arises, "Does decentralization lead to" dividend reform," from faster development in better governed areas, with the accompanying national benefits ?. What is the impact on social inequality? Specifically, Are poor regions lagging far behind the weakened national equalization policy? Hill and Vidyattama (2016) then concluded that, "Decentralization of the 'Big Bang' has a minimal impact on the dynamics of regional development".

"Regional autonomy as the implementation of Law No.32 of 2004 and Law No.33 of 2004, provides opportunities and challenges for Regional Governments to complete economic development independently based on the potential of existing resources in their region." The results of the expansion the region will be different from one another, this lies in the influence of various factors such as the extent to which the leading sector can be empowered and the expansion of this region to form a new administrative area that can create the welfare of local communities.

Over the past few decades, it has become increasingly clear that local governments have continued to improve the role and vitality of regional integration as a step to empower resources to increase local revenue. Regional transformation reveals new nuances about the relationship between regional autonomy and the leading tourism sector. Not without reason, the contribution of the tourism sector is quite significant.

According to Prabowo (2019) about evaluating local governance revealed that, "Many regional heads are involved in legal cases and have poor financial management. So that the examination of the implementation of development and supervision policies aimed at ensuring the effectiveness of regional autonomy must be carried out properly.” In connection with this policy, it is very important that there is good collaboration between the local government and tourism managers. This is done to minimize the emergence of conflict in tourism management in some areas. Call it one of the management of water tourism in KarangAnyar, Central Java, Indonesia, namely GrojokanSewu, Jumog and Peblengan. The results of Rohmad's research, Rohmad et al. (2016) explained that the conflict that occurred in one of the regional autonomy regions was greatly influenced by the level of water use, various tourist areas and professional management capabilities.

The management of tourism potential in the territory of Indonesia in its contribution to regional original income is still low. Among them are 1) Bau-Bau City, which is only 1.4% of the total regional original income. However, the community around the location has quite a positive impact (Kamaruddin et al., 2014). The Government of Sidoarjo Regency is accredited in an effort to advance tourism experiencing obstacles in development due to limited infrastructure, low human resources, low investment, and support from stake holders, the spread of tourist attractions and the relatively short duration of tourists (Zuhdiati and Fauziah, 2017). Ciamis Regency, West Java has decreased the number of tourists due to the unplanned tourism development process so that in 2006 it had reached a phase of stagnation (Hidayat, 2011).

Witantra and Sos (2011) explained the tourism potentials in the region of regional autonomy which were quite important in developing the potential of the region. The decentralization policy gives regions the freedom to optimize tourism potential to the maximum extent possible. However, most areas can only ask for permission for a nedek, medium and long term trap management plan (Poli, 2013).

Various challenges and challenges faced. The purpose of this study is to look for reformulation of the right strategy to be resolved, "This is related to the problem of managing tourist attractions, building business hotels, building buildings or cultural reserves, and developing the local economy of tourism. In addition, the needs of tourists are also a special concern by providing satisfaction and satisfaction through services. The development of innovative and innovative financial planning based on planning, appropriate implementation, and evaluation in a constructive manner makes the values ​​of laws and laws in force (Jaelani, 2016).

2. THEORY

2.1. Regional Autonomy

Regional autonomy as an authority to regulate and manage their own government and for the interests of the local community in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. The implementation of regional autonomy in addition to being based on law, is also an implementation of the demands of globalization that must be empowered. The complete legal basis for regional autonomy is in the following table:

Source: Data processed, Wikipedia (2019a).

Blood Autonomy has distinguishing characteristics from the unitary state and federal state. The main features of regional autonomy are, 1) Each regional region has a regional regulation (Perda) that is bound under the Act; 2) Only the president / head of government has the authority to regulate the law, 3) DPRD (province / state / part) does not have the right to veto state laws that are passed by the DPR, 4) Local regulations can be revoked by the central government, for example, if an intervention occurs, 5) Economic agreements and agreements specified in the regulations must first go through the central government., 6) APBD and APBN are combined and comparisons are calculated, and 7) Each region is not recognized as a sovereign state and must be independent.

2.2. Decentralization

As Law Number 23 Year 2014, "Decentralization is the transfer of power of local governments by the Central government to autonomous regions based on the Autonomy Principle (Wikipedia, 2019b). In a more decentralized arrangement, regions catch up and adopt policies more quickly and innovate towards innovation. their policies have a stronger impact. Conversely, intergovernmental grants tend to trigger disparities, perhaps because they prevent disadvantaged regions from developing their economic and fiscal bases. However, when replacing transfers between the government with regional own-source revenue, lower disparity in regional output can come with higher disparity costs in regional income and more unequal public service standards (Blöchliger et al., 2016).

The pro-growth effect of fiscal decentralization is highly dependent on local government authority. Tax decentralization leads to higher (lower) economic growth rates when combined with high (low) administrative and political decentralization. Tax decentralization is more conducive to growth if local taxes are largely derived from autonomous income such as property taxe (Filippetti and Sacchi, 2015).

2.3. Tourism Sector

Tourism in Indonesia is one of the leading sectors. Natural wealth, diverse cultural styles, to 'woderful Indonesia' branding are important components in the tourism sector. The advantages of Indonesian tourism compared to other countries are as follows:

Source:Wikipedia (2019c).

"Whereas tourist objects found in Indonesia consist of: 1) Nature-based tourism: Indonesia has the richest coral reefs in the world with more than 18% of the world's coral reefs. It has more than 3,000 species of fish, 590 types of rock corals, 2,500 types of mollusks, and 1,500 types of crustaceans. The wealth of marine life creates around 600 diving spots which are spread throughout Indonesia. Indonesia also has 400 volcanoes, 50 national parks, and a diversity of flora and fauna; 2) Shopping tourism or hobbies (Interest based tourism): Shopping tourism in Indonesia consists of two namely traditional shopping tourism and modern shopping centers. One of the biggest shopping center areas is Jakarta, with 170 shopping centers; 3) Cultural based tourism: Indonesia consists of 1,128 ethnic groups.; and 4) Religious based tourism: Various religious tours in Indonesia, such as the legacy of Islamic religious heritage, namely the Great Mosque of Demak and Masjid Kudus Tower (Wikipedia, 2019c). Tourism, which is the leading sector in its development through the Ministry of Finance, has been given the trust in the tourism sector to obtain deconcentration funds used in several tourism developments, one of which is supporting events in 34 provinces in Indonesia covering several areas of blood autonomy (Kemenpar, 2018). Investment realization by sub-sector in 2018 can be seen in the following table:

Source: Kemenpar (2018).

The value of tourism realization in 2018 above was issued by the Investment Coordinating Board (BPKM). It can be seen in the table that the most investment realization is in hotels and culinary tourism at 87.32%. Very large investment for this sub-sector compared to other sub-sectors.

In the explanation of the table below, it can be seen the efforts made by the central government to increase tourism in the investment sector, especially for decentralized areas to be able to increase its tourism potential, including:

Source: Kemenpar (2018).

There are 12 business sectors in the tourism sector that receive KUR (People's Business Credit) financing assistance, "namely tourist attraction, transportation services, travel services, food and beverage services, accommodation providers, organizers of entertainment and recreation activities, organizing MICE (Meeting, Incentive , Convention, Exhibition), tourism information services, travel consulting services, tour guide services, tirta tourism and handicraft industry in the center of souvenirs. Whereas what is meant by productive subsidies is infrastructure, health and education subsidies" (Kemenpar, 2018).

Below is a classification of tourism businesses based on 12 Classification of Indonesian Business Fields (CIBF) in 2018, as follows, 1) Business Tourist Attraction, ‘Man-made Tourist Attraction, consisting of; Agro Tourism, Recreation Parks / Tourist Parks, Artificial Tourism Attraction and Natural Tourism Attraction, consisting of; Natural baths, cave tours, nature adventure tours, natural attractions, nature conservation parks, national parks, nature parks, wildlife reserves and nature reserves, marine parks, new parks, hunting gardens and hunting areas, protected forests,’ 2) Tourism Area Businesses include: Tourism Areas and Theme Park Activities or amusement parks, 3) Tourism Transportation Service Business, including: Domestic Sea Transportation for tourism, Foreign Sea Transportation for Tourism, Railroad Transportation, Tourist Bus Transportation, River and Lake Transportation for Tourism, and Air Transportation for Tourism, 4) Business Travel Services, consisting of: Activities of Travel Agencies and Activities of Travel Agencies, 5) Culinary Business, including: Restaurants, Food Stalls, Food Shops, Mobile food providers / temporary places, Bars / Bars / Clubs, and Food Services, 6) Accommodation Provider Business, consisting of Hotels, PondokWisata, Lodging, Apartments and Short-term Accommodation Providers, 7) Business Activities for Recreational Activities include Imperariat Services in the Field of Arts, Clubs, Karaoke, Games Venues, Venues, and Sprot Centers and others, 8) Business information services consist of tourism information services and nature tourism information services, 9) Tourism Consultant Services Business that is Tourism Consultation Activities, 10) Tour Guide Services Business consists of Tourism Services and Interpreter Services, 11) Tirta Tourism Business includes Rafting, Dive Tourism, Marina Pier, and other Tirta Tourism, and 12) Spa Business consists of Sante Par Aqua Activities, Massage Center Activities, and other Fitness Activities” (LPEM-FEBUI, 2018). The preparation of the 2018 Classification of Indonesian Business Fields (CIBF) in the Field of Tourism is a derivative of Law No.10 of 2009 concerning tourism which is carried out due to shifts in business opportunities and the emergence of several new jobs so that it needs adjustments. This classification is useful to reflect the current economic phenomenon so that it can be used as material for decision making and policy planning so that it is more accurate and targeted.

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This study uses literature studies and reviews from various previous studies to obtain the root of problems from regional autonomy to date. Literature study is a data collection technique by conducting a study of reference books, encyclopedias, literature, important notes, research articles, and reports that are relevant and relevant to the problem being investigated or solved by the problem (Nazir, 1988). This is done to avoid investigating the same thing with previous researchers so that researchers can obtain originality of research (Kasbolah, 1992). By adjusting into the scope of research and identifying existing problems. In addition, the reference used is also reviewed by researchers to provide a more effective understanding of appropriate reformulation to support the growth of the tourism sector. Furthermore, researchers use this qualitative method to reach conclusions that can later be used and useful for further research that leads not only to be effective and efficient but also to accelerate and optimize central government policy, regional autonomy towards the growth of the tourism sector in the country.

4. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

Based on data from the Ministry of Tourism and the Indonesian Central Statistics Agency, the economic contribution of the tourism sector can be seen as follows:

Source: LPEM-FEBUI (2018).

In addition, the target of domestic and foreign tourist visits also increased. This data is obtained by looking at the number of foreign tourists' passports visiting and the number of domestic tourists who travel to various tourism regions in Indonesia.

Source: Kementerian Pariwisata Indonesia (2018).

According to the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), "The funding needs that have been allocated by the government from 2015 until are estimated to be up to 2024 as follows:

Source: Kemenpar (2018).

From the picture above it can be seen that the role of the government in terms of investment in the tourism sector is very large compared to the private sector which is in the range of Rp170 trillion. As for financing, the private sector has a far greater contribution compared to the government of Rp 285 trillion.

Regional autonomy is likened to hopes and dreams of the government that seem difficult to realize in a short time. Since these two decades the development has been going on in place. Of the total area of ​​regional autonomy, no results have been recorded for more than 50% of the development and growth achieved its objectives. Even though until now the local government has spent capital for promotion in the context of empowerment in an effort to increase tourism in the region. The local government expenditure for tourism promotion recorded in 2016 can be seen in the following table:

Source: Kemenpar (2016).

Various challenges, the development of transformation in science and technology and other problems continue to emerge hampering the growth of regional autonomy. Specifically, the researchers present the targets and realization of the Ministry of Tourism's performance based on Rentra 2018-2019, including:

Source: Kemenpar (2018).

As one of the leading sectors of the government today is Tourism. To support the achievement of the growth target of the Tourism Industry through the role of regional autonomy in Year 2018, reformulation of the right strategy is needed at this time. With qualified reformulation, it is hoped that the growth of the tourism sector through regional autonomy and decentralization can support and realize better people's welfare outcomes. The reformulation of the strategies that researchers present are as follows:

Source: Kemenpar (2018).

4.1. Cultural Autonomy

One of the great challenges of the 20th century is the struggle to overcome national and ethnic conflicts. "Perhaps what is no less important than the development of regional autonomy is how to limit state sovereignty in the misuse of minority rights, without having to damage state sovereignty as a construction of international relations law. The development of a model of cultural autonomy is an prospect of an effective transnational regime for the protection of minority rights (Roach, 2017). The intended minority rights are community groups, especially disadvantaged villages that are given access to the development of potential so as not to cause a prolonged conflict of equality. It is also expected to provide access and capital for business development to improve tourism in the local community.

4.2. Development of Tourist Villages

Village development aims to improve the welfare and quality of life of villagers. Developing an independent tourism village can be done in 4 ways as follows: developing the potential of the mangrove ecosystem, reviewing community perceptions and providing appropriate solutions, providing maximum tourism and ecotourism facilities (Hakim et al., 2018).

4.3. Build Competitiveness

Indonesia is a country rich in various potential resources and a variety of cultural features. One of the biggest potentials to develop the tourism sector. One of the commodities that can be developed in the tourism sector is the fishing industry in terms of seafood or culinary tourism products. But the national processed seafood industry is characterized by high-volume / low-value commodity production.

Building tourism competitiveness of an area must look at the tourism component that will increase the selling value or attractiveness of the tourism potential based on the classification of tourism businesses in the Classification of Indonesian Business Fields (CIBF). While the scheme can be seen in the following picture:

Source: LPEM-FEBUI (2018).

The findings of Rizal et al. (2017) regarding the current global regime and autonomy revealed that, "The potential for large profits can be made by increasing the competitiveness and value added of products. Development policies for the development of sectors and industries must be adjusted to the growth and dynamics of political, socio-economic and regional autonomy demands. coordination and institutional capacity in implementing various efforts towards developing an industry-based inter-regional balance (Rizal, 2018).

4.4. Enforcement of Special Autonomy

Special autonomy can be implemented for the development of halal tourism. But so far, the development of special autonomy has only been applied to Aceh Province. State recognition of the implementation of Islamic law as special autonomy, "Based on Law Number 44 of 1999 concerning the implementation of the Special Province of Aceh and Law Number 11 of 2006 concerning the Government of Aceh" (Isa, 2014).

4.5. Implementation Accural Basis

The presentation of government financial statements is based on Government Regulation Number 71 of 2010 concerning the actual basis of Government Accounting Standards. Negara (2015) in its research states that there are factors that affect the readiness of local governments in implementing the Regulation are as follows:

1. Human resources: The field of competence of financial management personnel and development efforts and increasing their competence. Changes in accounting standards must be followed by the development and increase the competence of human resources who will carry out standard policies in the tourism sector.
2. Organizational commitment: Organizational commitment required from the highest level to the lowest must have a strong commitment to changes in accounting standards that can be applied to both.
3. Science and technology: Information technology and tourism digitalization must work together to support the adoption of new accounting standards and optimal promotion. "For example, the optimal use of e-commerce in tourism superior products by providing business capital financing, improving product quality so that quality, and strategic management" (Utami, 2019).

4.6. Capital Allocation

Local governments can increase the allocation of capital expenditure, both spatial and sub-sectoral, expand fiscal redistribution policies on public services needed by citizens (education, health, and transportation). This improvement is expected to contribute to achieving regional income equality and economic growth."(Mukhlis and Simanjuntak, 2018).

4.7. Community Figure Empowerment

In general, the existence of good governance principles can be used as a guideline in conducting collaboration between community leaders and the regions. Indonesia's increasingly modern and multicultural society can trigger conflicts. However, this can be prevented by a persuasive approach by community leaders, to be more tolerant and try to exploit or learn from conflict. The principle of cooperation between regional governments and community leaders will strengthen regional autonomy. Local government together with community leaders (traditional leaders, religious leaders and NGOs) need to work together in developing the area so that it can develop again and be able to strengthen the character of the Indonesian people (Handayani et al., 2017).

4.8. Performance Evaluation

The implementation of regional autonomy has been running for two decades. However, until now, the purpose of regional autonomy to improve welfare has not been realized maximally. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the implementation of regional autonomy in improving welfare by using capital expenditure and growth. Evaluate performance and provide strict sanctions to train and discipline human resources to be more professional. However, a finding revealed that decentralization carried out to improve welfare through capital expenditure does not always have a positive impact on welfare.(Badrudin and Siregar, 2016).

4.9. Sustainable Development

In general, the concept of sustainable development consists of four dimensions, namely ecology, socio-economic-culture, socio-politics, and legal institutions. Sustainable development in Java Province is basically a development strategy that provides a kind of threshold at the level of utilization of natural ecosystems and natural resources in it. This threshold is not absolute, but it is a flexible boundary that depends on technological and socio-economic conditions related to the use of natural resources, and the ability of the biosphere to accept the effects of human activities. In other words, sustainable development by exploiting natural ecosystems in such a way that their functional capacity is beneficial for human life (Rizal, 2018) can be seen in the Figure 5, the impact of tourist visits on the regional economy.

Directly the implications of tourist visits to the tourism sector will increase business and MSME growth in the regional autonomy region. Investment obtained from the government and the private sector can be used to empower tourism potential. Of course, with the increasing turmoil in the tourism business, it indirectly becomes a source of local revenue (APBD), for example through tax collection from business owners. With the growth of the tourism sector, sustainable development can be implemented to move the wheels of the decentralized regional economy as well as possible.

The new factors that can produce a new model of reformulation in policy, development and supervision consist of human resources, acceptance, development and innovation (HADI)."(Prabowo, 2019). Local governments must be able to do or not do governance government and professional autonomy by leaving ineffective low-value practices ineffective for the de-implementation of sustainable development (Hasson et al., 2019).

Source: LPEM-FEBUI (2018)

Until now, it is not yet valid and reliable how much the contribution of the tourism sector in the economy both regional autonomy as a whole. Therefore research has limitations in research related to overall data on the development of tourism potential in the area of ​​regional autonomy.

5. CONCLUTION

Efforts to increase the growth of the tourism sector in Indonesia through strategic reformulation are not something that is impossible to realize. Effective and optimal strategy management through performance evaluation and sustainable development can provide a new discourse for the development of regional autonomy in the future. And that can be realized if all efforts have been maximized, awareness and good morality and cooperation is carried out on the basis of the common welfare objectives of the community in accordance with Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.

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